APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY- GENE THERAPY

 GENE THERAPY is done to correct gene defect in an individual. In this method normal gene for functioning is introduced into the cell to cure the defect.

The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a 4 year old girl, with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. The enzyme is required for immune system to function. The disorder in girl arose is due to deletion of the ADA gene. 

For gene therapy, lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are separated and cultured outside the body. These lymphocytes were introduced with cDNA using a retroviral vector. These genetically engineered  cells were returned to the patient. These cells are not immortal and a periodic transfer of recombinant cells is required in patients.

If the cDNA is introduced in an egg or early embryo, a permanent cure can be achieved.

APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY- human Insulin

HUMAN INSULIN / GENETICALLY ENGINEERED INSULIN-

INSULIN is produced by ISLETS OF LANGERHANS CELLS OF PANCREAS.

This hormone regulates blood sugar levels.

Insulin was earlier extracted from the pancreas of slaughtered cattles and pigs. This was causing allergic reactions in some patients.

Insulin is synthesized as pro-hormone which needs to be processed to become active. Pro-insulin consists of A, C, AND B PEPTIDE CHAINS. In mature insulin, this C PEPTIDE is not present and it is removed by processing.  If the gene for insulin is introduced in BACTERIAL CELL, a mature form of insulin cannot be obtained.

In 1983, Eli Lilly, an  American company prepared two DNA sequences of A and B chains of human insulin and introduced them in E.coli  cells to produce insulin chains, separately. These chains were extracted and combined by creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.

IMPORTANT TO NOTE: Hakura et al in 1977 chemically synthesized DNA sequence for two chains A and B and separately inserted into two pBR 322 plasmid vector.

Insulin production by recombinant DNA technology is designed by Gilbert and Villokomaroff in 1978.

BIOTECHNOLOGY- PROCESSES OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

 THE STEPS INVOLVED IN RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY ARE;

1. ISOLATION OF DNA / GENETIC MATERIAL:

Bacterial cells can be lysed using lysozyme, plant cells can be treated with cellulase and fungal cells can be treated with chitinase to break open cells and release DNA and cell content. 

RNA can be removed by treating with RNase and proteins are removed by treating with proteases. Purified DNA can be precipitated with chilled ethanol. Cloudy, precipitated DNA can be observed in test tube.

2. CUTTING DNA USING RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES:

DNA from the source organism is cleaved by restriction endonuclease to create restriction fragments.

Vector DNA is also cleaved using the same restriction endonuclease.

These fragments can be separated using agarose gel electrophoresis. 

3. INSERTION OF DESIRED FOREIGN GENE INTO CLONING VECTOR:

Gene of interest is joined with vector DNA using DNA ligase. The combination of vector DNA and foreign DNA is called RECOMBINANT DNA OR CHIMERIC DNA. 

4. TRANSFER OF rDNA INTO HOST:

This can be achieved by a transformation in bacterial cells or Microinjection in animal cells or by using gene gun [ biolistics ] in plant cells.

BIOTECHNOLOGY- COMPETENT HOST

 RECOMBINANT DNA can be introduced into the bacterial cell by TRANSFORMATION. 

TRANSFORMATION is the uptake of naked DNA by bacterial cells. In order to force bacteria to take plasmid or recombinant DNA, the bacterial cells are made competent. This is done by treating bacteria with divalent cations such as calcium which increases the efficiency with which DNA enters the bacterium through the pores in its cell wall.

Recombinant DNA is incubated with bacterial cells on ice, followed by placing them briefly at 42⁰ C and again placing them on ice. This creates a heat shock and makes bacterial cells competent.

In ANIMAL cells DNA can be introduced using a method called MICROINJECTION. In this recombinant DNA is directly injected into the cell.

In PLANTS, BIOLISTICS OR GENE GUN technique is used to transfer recombinant DNA. In this technique plant cells are bombarded with micro particles of gold and tungsten coated with recombinant DNA.

HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN [ HDN ] / ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FOETALIS

 

HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN [ HDN ] OCCURS DUE TO Rh ANTIGEN INCOMPATIBILITY. Rh FACTOR IS ANTIGEN D WHICH IS PRESENT ON RBCs OF Rh + VE PERSON WHILE Rh - VE PERSON DO NOT HAVE THIS ANTIGEN.

IF FEMALE [ MOTHER ] IS Rh NEGATIVE AND HER HUSBAND IS Rh POSITIVE, THEN THEIR CHILD CAN BE Rh POSITIVE. 

Rh NEGATIVE MOTHER HAS ANTIBODIES AGAINST Rh ANTIGEN. HDN IS NOT A PROBLEM DURING FIRST PREGNANCY IF MOTHERS BLOOD IS NOT PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO Rh ANTIGEN. BUT DURING FIRST PREGNANCY MOTHER CAN GET SENSITIZED AGAINST Rh ANTIGEN, IF HER BLOOD COMES IN CONTACT WITH Rh POSITIVE BLOOD OF FOETUS. THIS SENSITIZATION LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES [ IgG ] AGAINST Rh ANTIGEN.

IF THE SECOND FOETUS DURING NEXT PREGNANCY, IS ALSO Rh POSITIVE, THEN MOTHERS ANTIBODY FINDS Rh ANTIGEN ON FOETAL RBCs AS FOREIGN. AN IMMUNE RESPONSE IS GENERATED BY IgG ANTIBODIES AGAINST FOETAL Rh ANTIGEN. IgG CROSSES THE PLACENTA AND HAEMOLYSE THE RBCs OF FOETUS. SO, CALLED HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN OR ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FOETALIS.

SYMPTOMS: IN MILD TO SEVERE CASES, ANAEMIA OCCURS IN THE FOETUS OR BILIRUBIN [ YELLOW COLOURED PIGMENT ] GETS ACCUMULATED IN AMNIOTIC FLUID. IT CAN BE LETHAL AND CAN CAUSE THE DEATH OF A FOETUS. IN NEWBORNS PALE YELLOW SKIN APPEARS WITH MILD TO SEVERE SYMPTOMS OF ANAEMIA.

TREATMENTS: BLOOD TRANSFUSION CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT ANAEMIA IN THE FOETUS. IN THIS FRESH BLOOD IS TRANSFUSED TO THE FOETUS, REPLACING BILIRUBIN RICH BLOOD [ FORMED FROM HEAMOLYSED RBCs ]. ANTI Rh ANTIBODIES CAN ALSO BE USED TO PREVENT ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTION IN FOETUS.

AFMC ( ARMED FORCES MEDICAL COLLEGE) MBBS ADMISSION 2021

 Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, was established on 01 May 1948. The institution provides training in medical, nursing, dental, and paramedical. The institute is affiliated with the Maharashtra University Of Health Sciences and recognized by The Medical Council of India. AFMC has been consistently rated among the top three medical colleges in India.

COURSES OFFERED:

• MBBS 
• NURSING
• MD
• DM
• M.Ch
• M.Sc. Anatomy
• PhD
• P.G. Diploma
• Bachelor of Paramedical Technology
• Post Graduate Diploma in Medical Lab Technician

1. MBBS COURSE DETAILS: 

Duration:

The duration of the MBBS course is four and a half years followed by an internship of one year.

Eligibility:

Students must have VALID NEET SCORE and passed the boards exam with all the subjects cleared in the first attempt, securing a minimum of 60% of the aggregate marks in three science subjects ( PCB), and 50% marks in English. They must also have passed an examination in Mathematics of the 10th standard. 

Test of English Language, Comprehension, Logic, and Reasoning (ToELR) in the form of Computer Based Test (CBT), and also Psychological Assessment Test (PAT) is conducted at AFMC, Pune only for candidates shortlisted for interview.    

[ ToELR TEST consists of 40 MCQs of 2.0 marks each. There is a negative mark, 0.5 for every incorrect answer.]

The score of NEET (UG) plus score of ToELR is calculated to obtain WRITTEN EXAMINATION SCORE. Interview marks are given out of 50.

WRITTEN EXAMINATION SCORE PLUS INTERVIEW MARKS DECIDES THE FINAL SCORE OF THE CANDIDATE.

Number of Seats:

145 students (115 boys & 30 girls).

Service Liability:

Students have to sign an agreement, confirming service liability as commissioned officers at ARMED FORCE MEDICAL SERVICES.

2. NURSING COURSE DETAILS: 

Courses	Intake	Duration
Basic BSc nursing	40	4 years
Post Basic BSc nursing	20	2 years
MSc nursing	10	2 years
Post basic diploma/ certificate course in Operation Room nursing	08	2 year
Post basic diploma/ certificate course in Orthopedic and Rehabilitation nursing	06	1 year
Post Basic Diploma/ Certificate course in Oncology Nursing	04	1 year
Post Basic Diploma/ Certificate course in Cardiothoracic Nursing	04	1 year

3. POSTGRADUATE COURSE DETAILS: 

I. MD- DOCTOR OF MEDICINE: 

Degree	Course	Intake
M.D.   Doctor of Medicine	Anaesthesiology	15
	Bio-Chemistry	2
	Dermatology , Venereology & Leprosy	4
	General Medicine	22
	Hospital Administration	8
	Immuno Haematology & Blood Transfusion	2
	Microbiology	9
	Paediatrics	8
	Pathology	10
	Pharmacology	2
	Physiology	4
	Psychiatry	5
	Radio Diagnosis/Radiology	7
	Sports Medicine	2
	Social & Preventive Medicine / Community Medicine	12
	Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases / Pulmonary Medicine	4

II. MS- Master Of Surgery:

Degree	Course	Intake
M.S. Master of Surgery	ENT	6
	General Surgery	21
	Orthopaedics	3

4. P.G. DIPLOMA COURSE DETAILS:  

Subject	Intake
Diploma in Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy	2
Diploma in Anesthesia	2
Diploma in Child Health	-
Diploma in Clinical Pathology	-
Diploma in Hospital Administration	6
Diploma in Industrial Health	-
Diploma in Obstetrics & Gynaecology	4
Diploma in Ophthalmology	2
Diploma in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology	2
Diploma in Psychological Medicin	1
Diploma in Public Health	3
Diploma in Radio-Diagnosis	1

 

  5. SUPER SPECIALITY COURSE DETAILS:

Course	Subject
DM  DOCTORATE OF MEDICINE	Cardiology
M.Ch Master of Chirurgiae	Cardio Thoracic Surgery
	Neuro Surgery
	Paediatric Surgery
	Plastic Surgery
PhD Doctor Of Philosophy	Pathology

FOR ADMISSION RELATED INFORMATION AT AFMC CLICK THE BELOW LINK:

                       -----------------  AFMC OFFICIAL WEBSITE -------------------------

RELATED LINKS: 

1. AIIMS ADMISSION 2021                           

2. NEET ADMISSIONS 2021

3, MHT-CET ADMISSIONS 2021                 

 4. KVPY- ADMISSIONS 2021- किशोर वैज्ञानिक प्रोत्साहन योजना

AIIMS- ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES ENTRANCE EXAM 2021

 

ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES  (अखिल भारतीय आयुर्विज्ञान संस्थान ) was established as an institution by an Act of Parliament, to establish a high standard of Medical Education in India. AIIMS are one of the most preferred colleges for medical aspirants.

AIIMS conducts educational courses in medical and para-medical, both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels and awards its own degrees. 

Functions of AIIMS

•  Undergraduate and postgraduate teaching in medical and related biological sciences.
• Nursing and dental education.
• Producing Medical Professionals and Teachers for the nation.
• Research in medical and allied sciences.

COURSES OFFERED:

1.    MBBS ( Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery )

2.    B.Sc. (Hons) in Medical Technology in Radiography

3.    Bachelor of Optometry

4.    MD/MS/MDS/DM/ MCH

5.    B. Sc. And M.Sc. Nursing

6.    M.Sc. ( Allied Sciences )

7.    PHD

ADMISSION PROCESS:

Admission to MBBS is through the NEET-UG exam conducted by NTA.

Admission to P.G. courses- M.Sc. is through all India level entrance exams conducted in online mode every year.

Admission to P.G. COURSES- MD/MS/MCH is through INI-CET (The Institute of National Importance Combined Test)

AIIMS EXAM SECTION HELPLINE LINK: 

http://www.aiims.edu/en/departments-and-centers/central-facilities/79-about-aiims/6815-aiims-exam-section-helpline-numbers-and-email-id.html

LIST OF AIIMS IN INDIA:

AIIMS DELHI	https://www.aiims.edu/
AIIMS BATHINDA	https://aiimsbathinda.edu.in/
AIIMS BHOPAL	http://www.aiimsbhopal.edu.in/
AIIMS BHUBANESWAR	http://www.aiimsbhubaneswar.edu.in/
AIIMS DEOGHAR	https://www.aiimsdeoghar.edu.in/
AIIMS GORAKHPUR	https://aiimsgorakhpur.edu.in/
AIIMS JODHPUR	http://www.aiimsjodhpur.edu.in/
AIIMS NAGPUR	https://aiimsnagpur.edu.in/
AIIMS MANGALA GIRI	https://www.aiimsmangalagiri.edu.in/
AIIMS PATNA	http://www.aiimspatna.org/
AIIMS RAEBARELI	https://aiimsrbl.edu.in/
AIIMS RAIPUR	http://www.aiimsraipur.edu.in/
AIIMS RUSHIKESH	http://www.aiimsrishikesh.edu.in/

RELATED LINKS:

MHT-CET 2021, APPLICATION, SYLLABUS, EXAM DATE

NEET 2021, EXAM PATTERN, SYLLABUS, APPLICATION

KVPY EXAMS - KISHORE VAIGYANIK PROTSAHAN YOJANA -किशोर वैज्ञानिक प्रोत्साहन योजना